Which of the following is NOT considered a form of questioned communication?

Research papers are generally considered credible and formal documents that are the result of extensive study, analysis, and verification by the author. They are intended to present facts, findings, and conclusions based on empirical evidence or established knowledge. In contrast, questioned communication refers to forms of writing that raise suspicions or require verification due to potential forgery, deception, or manipulation.

Ransom notes, for example, are created with specific intent, often aimed at coercion and causing fear, which makes them a focus for forensic analysis. Altered documents, such as manipulated checks, fall under the scrutiny of questioned documents because they may be tampered with to deceive the recipient. Driver's licenses can also be questioned, particularly if there are signs of forgery or misuse. Thus, while the other forms of communication have elements of suspicion or potential deceit, research papers uphold standards of integrity and truthfulness, clearly distinguishing them from questioned communication.