What does mtDNA stand for?

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) refers to the genetic material found in the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing organelles within cells. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is passed down maternally, making it a valuable tool in forensic science for tracing lineage and understanding genetic relationships. This characteristic makes mtDNA particularly useful in cases where nuclear DNA is degraded or not available, as it can often be extracted from older biological samples, such as bone, teeth, or hair.

In forensic investigations, mtDNA analysis is commonly employed when dealing with remains that are too damaged for conventional nuclear DNA testing. It can also be instrumental in identifying individuals in mass disaster scenarios or in historical investigations where lineage tracing is necessary. The distinct inheritance pattern of mtDNA further aids in genealogical research and identification efforts, thereby enhancing the understanding of genetic links within families or populations.